Processes alphabetically

All 172 processes in name order, each with the category it is filed under. Processes by category presents the same processes grouped by category.

Acoustic processing

Low-level analysis of sound, including frequency, intensity, and temporal structure. Filed under Auditory and Pre-Attentive Deviance Processing. Engaged by 1 taskMismatch Negativity Task. No aliases.

Action initiation

Triggering of an action after planning is complete. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution. Engaged by no task in the current Catalog. No aliases.

Active maintenance

Holding information active over a delay without manipulation, through volitional, attention-demanding processes; a core subprocess of working memory. Filed under Short-Term and Working Memory. Engaged by 7 tasksChange Detection TaskCorsi Block-Tapping TaskDelayed Match-to-Sample TaskDigit Span TaskN-Back TaskOperation Span TaskSternberg Item Recognition Task. No aliases.

Affective priming

Facilitation or interference in evaluating a target by a valence-related prime. Filed under Emotion Perception and Regulation. Engaged by 1 taskAffective Priming Task. 1 aliasevaluative priming.

Alerting

Achieving and maintaining a state of readiness to respond, whether tonic or phasic; one of Posner’s three attentional networks. Filed under Selective and Sustained Attention. Engaged by 3 tasksAttention Network TaskContinuous Performance TaskPsychomotor Vigilance Task. No aliases.

Analogical reasoning

Mapping of relational structure from a source domain to a target domain. Filed under Reasoning and Problem-Solving. Engaged by 1 taskRaven’s Progressive Matrices Task. No aliases.

Antisaccade

Voluntary eye movement away from a peripheral stimulus, requiring inhibition of a prepotent saccade. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution. Engaged by 1 taskAnti-Saccade Task. 1 aliasanti-saccade.

Approach motivation

Tendency to engage with stimuli associated with positive outcomes. Filed under Reward Anticipation and Motivation. Engaged by 7 tasksAffective Picture Viewing TaskBalloon Analog Risk TaskEffort-Based Decision-Making TaskIowa Gambling TaskMonetary Incentive Delay TaskProbabilistic Selection TaskSocial Incentive Delay Task. No aliases.

Associative learning

Learning of co-occurrence relations between stimuli or between stimuli and responses. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement. Engaged by 7 tasksCausal Learning TaskContextual Cueing TaskDigit Symbol Substitution TaskImplicit Association TaskPaired Associates Learning TaskPavlovian Fear Conditioning TaskProbabilistic Classification Learning Task. No aliases.

Attention shifting

Reorienting of attention from one location, feature, or object to another, indexed by cost in RT or accuracy. Filed under Selective and Sustained Attention. Engaged by 1 taskPosner Spatial Cueing Task. No aliases.

Attentional awareness

Awareness of the current focus and content of attention. Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition. Engaged by 2 tasksRapid Serial Visual Presentation TaskVisual Masking Task. No aliases.

Attentional capture

Involuntary shift of attention to a salient stimulus that is not the current target of task-directed attention. Filed under Selective and Sustained Attention. Engaged by 4 tasksDot-Probe TaskEmotional Stroop TaskOddball TaskPosner Spatial Cueing Task. No aliases.

Auditory perception

Perception of sound, including pitch, timbre, loudness, and spatial location. Filed under Auditory and Pre-Attentive Deviance Processing. Engaged by 2 tasksAuditory Masking TaskMismatch Negativity Task. No aliases.

Auditory tone discrimination

Judgment of whether two tones differ in pitch, intensity, or duration. Filed under Auditory and Pre-Attentive Deviance Processing. Engaged by 1 taskMismatch Negativity Task. 1 aliastone discrimination.

Autobiographical memory

Memory for personally experienced events across the lifespan, integrating episodic and semantic components. Filed under Long-Term Memory. Engaged by 1 taskAutobiographical Memory Task. No aliases.

Avoidance motivation

Tendency to disengage from stimuli associated with negative outcomes. Filed under Reward Anticipation and Motivation. Engaged by 3 tasksAffective Picture Viewing TaskPavlovian Fear Conditioning TaskProbabilistic Selection Task. No aliases.

Biological motion perception

Recognition of animate motion from sparse kinematic cues, such as point-light displays. Filed under Face and Object Perception. Engaged by 1 taskBiological Motion Perception Task. 1 aliasbiological motion.

Body ownership

The experience that a body or body-part belongs to the self, revealed by multisensory illusions in which synchronous visuo-tactile or visuo-proprioceptive input shifts the perceived location of the body. Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition. Engaged by 1 taskBody Ownership Illusion Task. No aliases.

Categorization

Assignment of instances to categories according to their features. Filed under Reasoning and Problem-Solving. Engaged by 8 tasksArtificial Grammar Learning TaskFacial Emotion Recognition TaskImplicit Association TaskLexical Decision TaskPhonological Awareness TaskProbabilistic Classification Learning TaskRapid Serial Visual Presentation TaskWisconsin Card Sorting Task. No aliases.

Causal reasoning

Inference about cause–effect relations from observation and intervention. Filed under Reasoning and Problem-Solving. Engaged by 1 taskCausal Learning Task. 1 aliascausal inference.

Choice commitment

The act of locking in a selected option once accumulated evidence or value crosses a decision boundary; measured by response-time distributions, drift-diffusion boundary parameters, and motor preparation signatures. Filed under Value-Based Decision-Making Under Risk and Uncertainty. Engaged by no task in the current Catalog. No aliases.

Chunking

Binding of multiple items into a single unit in memory to expand effective capacity. Filed under Short-Term and Working Memory. Engaged by 1 taskDigit Span Task. No aliases.

Cognitive reappraisal

Reinterpretation of an emotional stimulus to change its affective impact. Filed under Emotion Perception and Regulation. Engaged by 1 taskEmotion Regulation Task. 1 aliasreappraisal.

Competition

Action in conflict with another agent’s interests for a contested resource. Filed under Social Cognition and Strategic Social Choice. Engaged by 1 taskPrisoner’s Dilemma Task. No aliases.

Conflict monitoring

Detection of co-activation of incompatible response tendencies, proposed to recruit anterior cingulate cortex and trigger cognitive control. Filed under Inhibitory Control and Conflict Monitoring. Engaged by 9 tasksAnti-Saccade TaskAttention Network TaskEmotional Stroop TaskEriksen Flanker TaskGo/No-Go TaskSentence Comprehension TaskSimon TaskStop-Signal TaskStroop Color-Word Task. No aliases.

Consolidation

Post-encoding stabilization of memory traces, dependent on time and often on sleep; includes synaptic and systems consolidation. Filed under Long-Term Memory. Engaged by 1 taskMotor Sequence Learning Task. 1 aliasmemory consolidation.

Cooperation

Coordinated action among agents for mutual benefit, often at individual cost. Filed under Social Cognition and Strategic Social Choice. Engaged by 2 tasksPrisoner’s Dilemma TaskTrust Game Task. No aliases.

Declarative memory

Consciously accessible memory for facts and events; encompasses semantic and episodic memory. Filed under Long-Term Memory. Engaged by 1 taskPaired Associates Learning Task. 1 aliasexplicit memory.

Deductive reasoning

Inference in which the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises. Filed under Reasoning and Problem-Solving. Engaged by 1 taskWason Selection Task. 1 aliasLogical reasoning.

Delay discounting

Devaluation of a reward as a function of the delay to its receipt, typically hyperbolic. Filed under Value-Based Decision-Making Under Risk and Uncertainty. Engaged by 1 taskDelay Discounting Task. 1 aliastemporal discounting.

Depth perception

Perception of distance and three-dimensional structure from monocular and binocular cues. Filed under Face and Object Perception. Engaged by no task in the current Catalog. No aliases.

Directed forgetting

Reduced memory for items that have been cued to be forgotten, relative to items cued to be remembered. Filed under Long-Term Memory. Engaged by 2 tasksDirected Forgetting TaskThink/No-Think Task. No aliases.

Discourse processing

Integration of sentences into coherent representations of extended text or conversation. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production. Engaged by 1 taskSelf-Paced Reading Task. No aliases.

Divided attention

Concurrent processing of two or more streams of information or two tasks, typically yielding dual-task interference. Filed under Selective and Sustained Attention. Engaged by 4 tasksMultiple Object Tracking TaskOperation Span TaskPsychological Refractory Period TaskUseful Field of View Task. No aliases.

Effort allocation

Decision to expend physical or cognitive effort as a function of expected reward and cost. Filed under Reward Anticipation and Motivation. Engaged by 1 taskEffort-Based Decision-Making Task. No aliases.

Emotion recognition

Identification of emotional states from cues such as facial expression or vocal prosody. Filed under Emotion Perception and Regulation. Engaged by 7 tasksAffective Picture Viewing TaskAffective Priming TaskDot-Probe TaskEmotion Regulation TaskEmotional Stroop TaskFacial Emotion Recognition TaskReading the Mind in the Eyes Task. 1 aliasEmotion perception.

Emotion regulation

Processes by which individuals influence which emotions they have, when, and how they experience and express them. Filed under Emotion Perception and Regulation. Engaged by 5 tasksAffective Picture Viewing TaskEmotion Regulation TaskIowa Gambling TaskPavlovian Fear Conditioning TaskUltimatum Game Task. No aliases.

Encoding

Processes by which perceptual input is transformed into a memory representation at acquisition. Filed under Long-Term Memory. Engaged by 13 tasksCambridge Face Memory TaskChange Detection TaskDelayed Match-to-Sample TaskDirected Forgetting TaskFree Recall TaskJudgment-of-Learning TaskMnemonic Similarity TaskOld/New Recognition Memory TaskPaired Associates Learning TaskRey Auditory Verbal Learning TaskSelf-Referential Encoding TaskVirtual Morris Water Maze TaskVirtual Radial Arm Maze Task. 1 aliasmemory encoding.

Episodic memory

Memory for specific events located in a particular place and time and accompanied by autonoetic consciousness. Filed under Long-Term Memory. Engaged by 6 tasksFree Recall TaskMnemonic Similarity TaskOld/New Recognition Memory TaskPaired Associates Learning TaskRemember/Know TaskRey Auditory Verbal Learning Task. No aliases.

Error correction

Adjustment of behavior following an error, including post-error slowing and improvement on subsequent trials. Filed under Inhibitory Control and Conflict Monitoring. Engaged by no task in the current Catalog. No aliases.

Error detection

Recognition that a response was incorrect, indexed by the error-related negativity (ERN) and by error awareness. Filed under Inhibitory Control and Conflict Monitoring. Engaged by 3 tasksMirror Tracing TaskSentence Comprehension TaskWisconsin Card Sorting Task. No aliases.

Executive attention

Resolution of conflict among thoughts, feelings, and responses; one of Posner’s three attentional networks. Filed under Inhibitory Control and Conflict Monitoring. Engaged by 3 tasksAnti-Saccade TaskAttention Network TaskEmotion Regulation Task. No aliases.

Expressive suppression

Inhibition of outward behavioral expression of emotion. Filed under Emotion Perception and Regulation. Engaged by 1 taskEmotion Regulation Task. No aliases.

Extinction

Decrease in a previously reinforced response when reinforcement is withheld; a form of new inhibitory learning rather than erasure. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement. Engaged by 1 taskPavlovian Fear Conditioning Task. 1 aliasextinction learning.

Face identity recognition

Identification of an individual from face-specific features. Filed under Face and Object Perception. Engaged by 1 taskCambridge Face Memory Task. 1 aliasface recognition.

Face perception

Recognition and processing of faces as a specialized perceptual category; N170-sensitive, FFA-dependent. Filed under Face and Object Perception. Engaged by 5 tasksCambridge Face Memory TaskFace Processing TaskFacial Emotion Recognition TaskReading the Mind in the Eyes TaskWeapons Identification Task. 1 aliasface processing.

Familiarity

Sense that a stimulus has been encountered before, in the absence of retrieval of contextual detail. Filed under Long-Term Memory. Engaged by 5 tasksFeeling-of-Knowing TaskMnemonic Similarity TaskOld/New Recognition Memory TaskRemember/Know TaskSource Memory Task. No aliases.

Feature-based attention

Selection of a specific visual feature (e.g., a color, orientation, or motion direction) that enhances processing of that feature throughout the visual field. Filed under Selective and Sustained Attention. Engaged by 1 taskVisual Search Task. No aliases.

Feeling of knowing

Judgment that information currently not retrievable would be recognized if presented. Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition. Engaged by 1 taskFeeling-of-Knowing Task. No aliases.

Fine motor control

Precise control of small-amplitude movements, typically of the hand and fingers. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution. Engaged by 3 tasksFinger Tapping TaskMirror Tracing TaskMotor Sequence Learning Task. No aliases.

Forgetting

Loss of accessibility of previously encoded information, due to decay, interference, or retrieval failure. Filed under Long-Term Memory. Engaged by no task in the current Catalog. No aliases.

Goal maintenance

Active holding of task goals, rules, or sub-goals in a form that biases ongoing processing. Filed under Cognitive Flexibility and Higher-Order Executive Function. Engaged by 1 taskTask Switching Task. No aliases.

Goal-directed behavior

Behavior that is sensitive to current outcome value, characteristic of action–outcome learning. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement. Engaged by 1 taskInstrumental Conditioning Task. 1 aliasgoal-directed action.

Grasping

Shaping and closure of the hand around an object. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution. Engaged by no task in the current Catalog. No aliases.

Gustatory perception

Perception of taste qualities (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami). Filed under Face and Object Perception. Engaged by no task in the current Catalog. 1 aliasGustation.

Habit

Behavior that is insensitive to the current value of its outcome, characteristic of stimulus–response learning. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement. Engaged by 1 taskInstrumental Conditioning Task. 1 aliashabit learning.

Hypothesis testing

Generation and evaluation of alternative explanations against evidence. Filed under Reasoning and Problem-Solving. Engaged by 2 tasksWason Selection TaskWisconsin Card Sorting Task. No aliases.

Imitation

Reproduction of observed actions or behaviors. Filed under Social Cognition and Strategic Social Choice. Engaged by 1 taskImitation-Inhibition Task. No aliases.

Implicit memory

Memory expressed without conscious recollection, measurable by priming, skill learning, and conditioning. Filed under Implicit and Statistical Learning. Engaged by 3 tasksArtificial Grammar Learning TaskContextual Cueing TaskSerial Reaction Time Task. No aliases.

In-group/out-group processing

Differential processing of members of one’s own group versus other groups. Filed under Social Cognition and Strategic Social Choice. Engaged by 2 tasksImplicit Association TaskWeapons Identification Task. 1 aliasintergroup processing.

Incentive salience

“Wanting” attributed to reward-predictive cues, distinct from “liking.” Filed under Reward Anticipation and Motivation. Engaged by 2 tasksMonetary Incentive Delay TaskSocial Incentive Delay Task. No aliases.

Inductive reasoning

Inference from specific instances to general principles; probabilistic rather than necessary. Filed under Reasoning and Problem-Solving. Engaged by 1 taskRaven’s Progressive Matrices Task. No aliases.

Insight

Sudden restructuring of a problem representation yielding a solution that was previously unavailable, often accompanied by an “Aha!” experience distinct from incremental analytic search. Filed under Reasoning and Problem-Solving. Engaged by 1 taskRemote Associates Task. No aliases.

Instrumental conditioning

Learning that an action produces an outcome; also called operant conditioning. Encompasses both goal-directed (action–outcome) and habitual (stimulus–response) control, studied via reinforcement schedules and outcome-devaluation procedures. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement. Engaged by 1 taskInstrumental Conditioning Task. 1 aliasOperant conditioning.

Interference control

Resistance to interference from task-irrelevant stimuli or competing response representations, measured by Stroop, Flanker, and Simon effects. Filed under Inhibitory Control and Conflict Monitoring. Engaged by 9 tasksAttention Network TaskEmotional Stroop TaskEriksen Flanker TaskImplicit Association TaskN-Back TaskNavon TaskOperation Span TaskSimon TaskStroop Color-Word Task. 1 aliasinterference resolution.

Interoceptive awareness

Conscious perception of internal bodily signals such as heartbeat, respiration, and visceral state; indexed by heartbeat-detection accuracy, heartbeat-evoked potentials, and interoceptive sensibility measures. Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition. Engaged by 2 tasksBody Ownership Illusion TaskHeartbeat Detection Task. 1 aliasinteroception.

Intertemporal choice

Choice among options that differ in timing of outcomes; choice between smaller-sooner and larger-later. Filed under Value-Based Decision-Making Under Risk and Uncertainty. Engaged by 1 taskDelay Discounting Task. 1 aliasintertemporal decision making.

Joint attention

Coordinated focus by two or more agents on the same object or event, involving shared awareness that attention is joint. Filed under Social Cognition and Strategic Social Choice. Engaged by no task in the current Catalog. No aliases.

Judgment of learning

Prediction of future memory performance made during or after encoding. Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition. Engaged by 1 taskJudgment-of-Learning Task. No aliases.

Language comprehension

Extraction of meaning from linguistic input (spoken, written, or signed). Filed under Language Comprehension and Production. Engaged by 2 tasksFalse Belief TaskSentence Comprehension Task. No aliases.

Language production

Generation of spoken, written, or signed linguistic output, from message to articulation. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production. Engaged by 2 tasksPicture Naming TaskVerb Generation Task. No aliases.

Lexical access

Retrieval of word-level representations (form and meaning) from memory. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production. Engaged by 7 tasksLexical Decision TaskPicture Naming TaskRemote Associates TaskSelf-Paced Reading TaskSemantic Priming TaskVerb Generation TaskVerbal Fluency Task. 1 aliaslexical retrieval.

Manipulation

Transformation of information held in working memory (reordering, reversing, combining) beyond simple maintenance. Filed under Short-Term and Working Memory. Engaged by 2 tasksCorsi Block-Tapping TaskDigit Span Task. No aliases.

Masking

Reduction in visibility or detectability of a target stimulus by a temporally or spatially adjacent masker. Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition. Engaged by 2 tasksAuditory Masking TaskVisual Masking Task. No aliases.

Mathematical reasoning

Manipulation of numerical and algebraic quantities and relations. Filed under Reasoning and Problem-Solving. Engaged by no task in the current Catalog. No aliases.

Means-ends analysis

Iterative problem-solving strategy in which the distance between the current state and the goal state is reduced by selecting operators that diminish the largest remaining difference. Filed under Reasoning and Problem-Solving. Engaged by 1 taskTower of London Task. No aliases.

Mental rotation

Imagined rotation of a 2D or 3D figure to compare with another figure; RT increases linearly with angular disparity. Filed under Spatial Cognition and Navigation. Engaged by 1 taskMental Rotation Task. No aliases.

Metacognitive control

Regulation of cognition based on metacognitive monitoring - study-time allocation, strategy selection, answer withholding, and restart decisions - linking second-order evaluation to first-order behavior. Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition. Engaged by 3 tasksDirected Forgetting TaskJudgment-of-Learning TaskThink/No-Think Task. No aliases.

Metacognitive monitoring

Second-order evaluation of ongoing first-order cognition - how confident one is in a perception, memory, or judgment - yielding reportable assessments that dissociate from first-order accuracy. Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition. Engaged by 6 tasksFeeling-of-Knowing TaskHeartbeat Detection TaskIntentional Binding TaskJudgment-of-Learning TaskRemember/Know TaskSustained Attention to Response Task. No aliases.

Mind wandering

Task-unrelated thought that arises during an ongoing task. Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition. Engaged by 3 tasksContinuous Performance TaskPsychomotor Vigilance TaskSustained Attention to Response Task. 2 aliasestask-unrelated thoughtmind-wandering.

Model-based learning

Reinforcement learning that uses an internal model of the environment’s transition and reward structure to plan. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement. Engaged by 1 taskTwo-Stage Decision Task. 1 aliasmodel-based reinforcement learning.

Model-free learning

Reinforcement learning from cached value estimates updated by prediction errors, without an explicit model of the environment. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement. Engaged by 1 taskTwo-Stage Decision Task. 1 aliasmodel-free reinforcement learning.

Motion perception

Detection and interpretation of moving stimuli; includes global motion and optic flow. Filed under Face and Object Perception. Engaged by 2 tasksBiological Motion Perception TaskRandom Dot Kinematogram Task. No aliases.

Motor memory

Long-term retention of motor skills and procedures. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution. Engaged by no task in the current Catalog. No aliases.

Motor planning

Specification of movement parameters before execution. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution. Engaged by 4 tasksIntentional Binding TaskMirror Tracing TaskMotor Sequence Learning TaskTrail Making Task. 1 aliasmovement planning.

Motor preparation

Neural readiness state preceding movement, indexed by the readiness potential and LRP. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution. Engaged by 5 tasksAnti-Saccade TaskFinger Tapping TaskPsychological Refractory Period TaskSerial Reaction Time TaskStop-Signal Task. 1 aliasmovement preparation.

Motor sequence learning

Acquisition of a skilled sequence of movements through repetition. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution. Engaged by 2 tasksMotor Sequence Learning TaskSerial Reaction Time Task. No aliases.

Motor timing

Production or estimation of temporal intervals in motor output. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution. Engaged by 1 taskFinger Tapping Task. No aliases.

Naming

Production of a word label for a presented stimulus (e.g., picture naming). Filed under Language Comprehension and Production. Engaged by 1 taskPicture Naming Task. No aliases.

Object-based attention

Selection of an object as a unit of attention such that the attended features belonging to the object are processed together. Filed under Selective and Sustained Attention. Engaged by 2 tasksMultiple Object Tracking TaskVisual Search Task. No aliases.

Olfactory perception

Perception of odor via the olfactory system. Filed under Face and Object Perception. Engaged by no task in the current Catalog. 1 aliasolfaction.

Orienting

Selection of information from sensory input, typically in space, by covert or overt shifts of attention; one of Posner’s three attentional networks. Filed under Selective and Sustained Attention. Engaged by 3 tasksAttention Network TaskDot-Probe TaskPosner Spatial Cueing Task. No aliases.

Pattern completion

Retrieval of a complete memory from a partial or degraded cue; CA3 function. Filed under Long-Term Memory. Engaged by 1 taskMnemonic Similarity Task. No aliases.

Pattern recognition

Categorization of sensory input according to its structure. Filed under Face and Object Perception. Engaged by 3 tasksArtificial Grammar Learning TaskBiological Motion Perception TaskRaven’s Progressive Matrices Task. No aliases.

Pattern separation

Transformation of similar input patterns into distinct, non-overlapping memory representations; dentate gyrus function. Filed under Long-Term Memory. Engaged by 1 taskMnemonic Similarity Task. No aliases.

Pavlovian conditioning

Learning that a neutral stimulus predicts a biologically significant outcome, leading to conditioned responding. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement. Engaged by 1 taskPavlovian Fear Conditioning Task. 2 aliasesclassical conditioningPavlovian.

Perceptual awareness

Conscious access to perceptual content. Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition. Engaged by 2 tasksRapid Serial Visual Presentation TaskVisual Masking Task. 1 aliasconscious perception.

Perceptual decision making

Integration of noisy sensory evidence toward a decision criterion, modeled by sequential-sampling frameworks (drift-diffusion, race models) and indexed by accuracy and response-time distributions. Filed under Perceptual Decision-Making (Evidence Accumulation). Engaged by 3 tasksAuditory Masking TaskRandom Dot Kinematogram TaskWeapons Identification Task. No aliases.

Perspective taking

Representation of another’s viewpoint, visual or cognitive. Filed under Social Cognition and Strategic Social Choice. Engaged by 5 tasksDictator Game TaskFalse Belief TaskPrisoner’s Dilemma TaskReading the Mind in the Eyes TaskTrust Game Task. 2 aliasesMentalizingTheory of mind.

Phonological awareness

Explicit awareness of the sound structure of spoken words (onsets, rimes, phonemes). Filed under Language Comprehension and Production. Engaged by 1 taskPhonological Awareness Task. No aliases.

Phonological encoding

Assembly of phonological representations during language production. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production. Engaged by 1 taskPhonological Awareness Task. No aliases.

Pitch perception

Perception of the highness or lowness of a sound, related to fundamental frequency. Filed under Auditory and Pre-Attentive Deviance Processing. Engaged by 1 taskMismatch Negativity Task. 1 aliaspitch processing.

Planning

Mental formulation of a sequence of actions toward a goal before execution. Filed under Reasoning and Problem-Solving. Engaged by 1 taskTower of London Task. No aliases.

Policy learning

Direct learning of a mapping from states to actions without necessarily estimating values. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement. Engaged by no task in the current Catalog. No aliases.

Proactive control

Sustained, anticipatory maintenance of task goals that biases processing in preparation for an expected demand. Filed under Inhibitory Control and Conflict Monitoring. Engaged by 1 taskTask Switching Task. No aliases.

Proactive interference

Disruption of new learning by previously learned material. Filed under Long-Term Memory. Engaged by 1 taskRey Auditory Verbal Learning Task. No aliases.

Probability judgment

Estimation of likelihoods of events, often deviating from normative Bayes. Filed under Value-Based Decision-Making Under Risk and Uncertainty. Engaged by 1 taskCausal Learning Task. 1 aliasprobability estimation.

Procedural memory

Non-declarative memory for skills and procedures, expressed through improved performance rather than conscious recollection. Filed under Implicit and Statistical Learning. Engaged by 5 tasksArtificial Grammar Learning TaskMirror Tracing TaskMotor Sequence Learning TaskProbabilistic Classification Learning TaskSerial Reaction Time Task. No aliases.

Proprioception

Perception of body position and movement from muscle, tendon, and joint receptors. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution. Engaged by no task in the current Catalog. No aliases.

Prospective memory

Memory for intentions to act at a future time or on a future event. Filed under Long-Term Memory. Engaged by 1 taskProspective Memory Task. No aliases.

Reaching

Goal-directed arm movement toward a spatial target. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution. Engaged by no task in the current Catalog. No aliases.

Reactive control

Transient, stimulus-triggered engagement of control after interference or conflict is detected. Filed under Inhibitory Control and Conflict Monitoring. Engaged by 1 taskStop-Signal Task. No aliases.

Reading

Visual processing of written text, integrating orthography, phonology, and meaning. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production. Engaged by 3 tasksLexical Decision TaskSentence Comprehension TaskStroop Color-Word Task. No aliases.

Recall

Retrieval of items without an external cue provided at test (free or cued recall). Filed under Long-Term Memory. Engaged by 3 tasksFree Recall TaskRey Auditory Verbal Learning TaskThink/No-Think Task. No aliases.

Reciprocity

Contingent positive or negative responses to another’s prior behavior. Filed under Social Cognition and Strategic Social Choice. Engaged by 4 tasksDictator Game TaskPrisoner’s Dilemma TaskTrust Game TaskUltimatum Game Task. No aliases.

Recognition

Judgment that a test item has been previously encountered; supported by familiarity and recollection. Filed under Long-Term Memory. Engaged by 5 tasksCambridge Face Memory TaskDelayed Match-to-Sample TaskMnemonic Similarity TaskOld/New Recognition Memory TaskRemember/Know Task. 1 aliasrecognition memory.

Recollection

Retrieval of contextual detail about a prior event, including source information. Filed under Long-Term Memory. Engaged by 5 tasksAutobiographical Memory TaskOld/New Recognition Memory TaskRemember/Know TaskSelf-Referential Encoding TaskSource Memory Task. No aliases.

Reconsolidation

Destabilization and re-stabilization of a memory upon retrieval, creating a window for modification. Filed under Long-Term Memory. Engaged by no task in the current Catalog. 1 aliasmemory reconsolidation.

Rehearsal

Covert repetition of material to refresh its representation in short-term memory, especially for verbal material (articulatory rehearsal). Filed under Short-Term and Working Memory. Engaged by 2 tasksDigit Span TaskFree Recall Task. No aliases.

Reinforcement learning

Learning to select actions that maximize cumulative reward through experience with reward prediction errors. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement. Engaged by 7 tasksInstrumental Conditioning TaskIowa Gambling TaskMulti-Armed Bandit TaskProbabilistic Classification Learning TaskProbabilistic Selection TaskReversal Learning TaskTwo-Stage Decision Task. No aliases.

Response conflict

Competing activation of two or more response representations on a single trial, typically engaging cognitive control. Filed under Inhibitory Control and Conflict Monitoring. Engaged by 7 tasksAffective Priming TaskEriksen Flanker TaskImplicit Association TaskNavon TaskSimon TaskStroop Color-Word TaskWeapons Identification Task. No aliases.

Response execution

Overt production of a selected response in accordance with task demands. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution. Engaged by 8 tasksDigit Symbol Substitution TaskFinger Tapping TaskMonetary Incentive Delay TaskPsychological Refractory Period TaskPsychomotor Vigilance TaskSerial Reaction Time TaskStop-Signal TaskTrail Making Task. 1 aliasmovement execution.

Response inhibition

Suppression of a prepotent or already-initiated response when it becomes inappropriate, indexed behaviorally by stop-signal reaction time or commission errors. Filed under Inhibitory Control and Conflict Monitoring. Engaged by 11 tasksAnti-Saccade TaskBalloon Analog Risk TaskContinuous Performance TaskDelay Discounting TaskDirected Forgetting TaskGo/No-Go TaskImitation-Inhibition TaskStop-Signal TaskStroop Color-Word TaskSustained Attention to Response TaskThink/No-Think Task. 2 aliasesinhibitory controlresponse suppression.

Response selection

Choice of an action from a set of alternatives. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution. Engaged by 11 tasksAffective Priming TaskEriksen Flanker TaskGo/No-Go TaskMental Rotation TaskN-Back TaskPsychological Refractory Period TaskRandom Dot Kinematogram TaskSimon TaskSternberg Item Recognition TaskTask Switching TaskVerb Generation Task. 1 aliasaction selection.

Retrieval

Reactivation of a stored memory representation; dissociable into cue-driven and strategic retrieval. Filed under Long-Term Memory. Engaged by 14 tasksAutobiographical Memory TaskDirected Forgetting TaskFeeling-of-Knowing TaskFree Recall TaskOld/New Recognition Memory TaskPaired Associates Learning TaskProspective Memory TaskRey Auditory Verbal Learning TaskSelf-Referential Encoding TaskSource Memory TaskSternberg Item Recognition TaskThink/No-Think TaskVirtual Morris Water Maze TaskVirtual Radial Arm Maze Task. 1 aliasmemory retrieval.

Retroactive interference

Disruption of older memories by newly learned material. Filed under Long-Term Memory. Engaged by 1 taskRey Auditory Verbal Learning Task. No aliases.

Reversal learning

Relearning after contingencies between stimuli (or responses) and outcomes are switched. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement. Engaged by 1 taskReversal Learning Task. No aliases.

Reward anticipation

Affective and neural response to cues predicting upcoming reward. Filed under Reward Anticipation and Motivation. Engaged by 4 tasksBalloon Analog Risk TaskEffort-Based Decision-Making TaskMonetary Incentive Delay TaskSocial Incentive Delay Task. No aliases.

Reward consumption

Affective and neural response to receipt of reward. Filed under Reward Anticipation and Motivation. Engaged by no task in the current Catalog. No aliases.

Reward prediction error

Signed difference between received and expected reward, instantiated by phasic midbrain dopamine firing. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement. Engaged by 7 tasksCausal Learning TaskInstrumental Conditioning TaskIowa Gambling TaskMulti-Armed Bandit TaskProbabilistic Selection TaskReversal Learning TaskTwo-Stage Decision Task. No aliases.

Risk processing

Neural and behavioral evaluation of outcome uncertainty. Filed under Value-Based Decision-Making Under Risk and Uncertainty. Engaged by 3 tasksBalloon Analog Risk TaskIowa Gambling TaskTrust Game Task. 1 aliasRisky decision making.

Saccade

Rapid ballistic eye movement between points of fixation. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution. Engaged by 1 taskAnti-Saccade Task. 1 aliassaccadic.

Selective attention

Prioritized processing of a task-relevant subset of stimuli (a location, feature, object, or modality) with suppression of irrelevant stimuli. Filed under Selective and Sustained Attention. Engaged by 22 tasksAffective Picture Viewing TaskAttention Network TaskAuditory Masking TaskChange Detection TaskContextual Cueing TaskContinuous Performance TaskDigit Symbol Substitution TaskDot-Probe TaskEmotional Stroop TaskEriksen Flanker TaskGo/No-Go TaskMultiple Object Tracking TaskNavon TaskOddball TaskPosner Spatial Cueing TaskRandom Dot Kinematogram TaskRapid Serial Visual Presentation TaskSimon TaskStroop Color-Word TaskTrail Making TaskUseful Field of View TaskVisual Search Task. No aliases.

Self-monitoring

Ongoing evaluation of one’s own performance against task goals and expected outcomes. Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition. Engaged by 6 tasksHeartbeat Detection TaskImitation-Inhibition TaskProspective Memory TaskSource Memory TaskSustained Attention to Response TaskVerbal Fluency Task. No aliases.

Self-other distinction

Discrimination between self-generated and other-generated states or actions. Filed under Social Cognition and Strategic Social Choice. Engaged by 1 taskFalse Belief Task. No aliases.

Self-referential processing

Processing of information in relation to the self, yielding enhanced encoding for self-relevant material and characteristic engagement of cortical midline structures (mPFC, PCC). Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition. Engaged by 3 tasksAutobiographical Memory TaskBody Ownership Illusion TaskSelf-Referential Encoding Task. 1 aliasself-referential.

Semantic knowledge

Long-term store of facts, concepts, and word meanings. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production. Engaged by 3 tasksRemote Associates TaskSemantic Priming TaskVerbal Fluency Task. No aliases.

Semantic memory

Long-term store of general knowledge about the world — facts, concepts, and word meanings — dissociable from episodic memory and supported by distributed cortical representations. Filed under Long-Term Memory. Engaged by no task in the current Catalog. No aliases.

Semantic processing

Access and integration of word and phrase meaning, indexed by the N400. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production. Engaged by 8 tasksAffective Priming TaskFree Recall TaskLexical Decision TaskPicture Naming TaskRemote Associates TaskSelf-Paced Reading TaskSemantic Priming TaskVerb Generation Task. No aliases.

Sense of agency

The experience of being the cause of one’s own actions and their sensory consequences, dissociable into implicit (intentional binding) and explicit (authorship judgment) components. Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition. Engaged by 1 taskIntentional Binding Task. No aliases.

Sentence comprehension

Integration of lexical, syntactic, and semantic information to derive sentence meaning. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production. Engaged by 1 taskSentence Comprehension Task. 1 aliassentence processing.

Set shifting

Flexible reconfiguration of the task set in response to a change in task demands; the primary experimental operationalization of cognitive flexibility, measured by task-switching paradigms and the WCST. Filed under Cognitive Flexibility and Higher-Order Executive Function. Engaged by 5 tasksProspective Memory TaskReversal Learning TaskTask Switching TaskTrail Making TaskWisconsin Card Sorting Task. 3 aliasesCognitive flexibilitytask switchingtask-switching.

Social decision making

Choice involving other agents and their preferences, often in strategic settings. Filed under Social Cognition and Strategic Social Choice. Engaged by 4 tasksDictator Game TaskPrisoner’s Dilemma TaskTrust Game TaskUltimatum Game Task. No aliases.

Social perception

Visual perception of socially relevant stimuli, including faces, bodies, and actions. Filed under Social Cognition and Strategic Social Choice. Engaged by 6 tasksBiological Motion Perception TaskFacial Emotion Recognition TaskFalse Belief TaskReading the Mind in the Eyes TaskSocial Incentive Delay TaskWason Selection Task. No aliases.

Somatosensory perception

Perception of bodily sensations, including touch, proprioception, temperature, and pain. Filed under Face and Object Perception. Engaged by no task in the current Catalog. 1 aliasSomatosensation.

Source memory

Memory for the contextual origin of information (e.g., who said it, where it was seen). Filed under Long-Term Memory. Engaged by 1 taskSource Memory Task. 1 aliassource monitoring.

Spatial attention

Selection of a location in space for preferential sensory processing, measurable via cueing benefits and N2pc/P1 modulation. Filed under Selective and Sustained Attention. Engaged by 5 tasksContextual Cueing TaskDot-Probe TaskPosner Spatial Cueing TaskUseful Field of View TaskVisual Search Task. No aliases.

Spatial memory

Memory for the arrangement and location of objects and environments. Filed under Spatial Cognition and Navigation. Engaged by 4 tasksCorsi Block-Tapping TaskMental Rotation TaskVirtual Morris Water Maze TaskVirtual Radial Arm Maze Task. No aliases.

Spatial working memory

Short-term storage of spatial locations and spatial relations. Filed under Short-Term and Working Memory. Engaged by 3 tasksCorsi Block-Tapping TaskVirtual Morris Water Maze TaskVirtual Radial Arm Maze Task. No aliases.

Speech perception

Extraction of linguistic content from the acoustic speech signal, including phoneme categorization, word segmentation, and prosodic processing. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production. Engaged by 1 taskPhonological Awareness Task. No aliases.

Speech production

Planning and articulation of spoken output; the motor component of articulation is covered under vocal-motor control in Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production. Engaged by 2 tasksPicture Naming TaskVerb Generation Task. No aliases.

Stereotyping

Attribution of attributes to individuals based on social category membership. Filed under Social Cognition and Strategic Social Choice. Engaged by 2 tasksImplicit Association TaskWeapons Identification Task. No aliases.

Strategy use

Selection and implementation of a cognitive procedure chosen to improve performance on a task. Filed under Cognitive Flexibility and Higher-Order Executive Function. Engaged by 6 tasksMulti-Armed Bandit TaskPrisoner’s Dilemma TaskProbabilistic Classification Learning TaskTower of London TaskVirtual Morris Water Maze TaskWisconsin Card Sorting Task. No aliases.

Subgoaling

Decomposition of a goal into an ordered sequence of subgoals whose satisfaction advances the overall task; dissociable from means-ends search and often studied through hierarchical task analysis. Filed under Reasoning and Problem-Solving. Engaged by 1 taskTower of London Task. No aliases.

Sustained attention

Maintenance of attentional engagement over extended intervals during which targets are rare or responses are repetitive; synonymous with vigilance. Filed under Selective and Sustained Attention. Engaged by 8 tasksContinuous Performance TaskGo/No-Go TaskMultiple Object Tracking TaskOddball TaskPsychomotor Vigilance TaskRapid Serial Visual Presentation TaskSustained Attention to Response TaskUseful Field of View Task. 2 aliasesVigilanceVigilant attention.

Syntactic parsing

Assignment of hierarchical grammatical structure to a linguistic input. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production. Engaged by 1 taskSentence Comprehension Task. 1 aliassyntactic processing.

Temporal attention

Selection of a point in time for preferential processing, measurable via cueing benefits in time and the attentional blink. Filed under Selective and Sustained Attention. Engaged by 2 tasksOddball TaskRapid Serial Visual Presentation Task. No aliases.

Valuation

Assignment of a subjective value to a prospective option, integrating reward magnitude, probability, delay, and effort; indexed by willingness-to-pay, subjective ratings, and value-coded neural signals in vmPFC and striatum. Filed under Value-Based Decision-Making Under Risk and Uncertainty. Engaged by 4 tasksDelay Discounting TaskDictator Game TaskEffort-Based Decision-Making TaskUltimatum Game Task. No aliases.

Value learning

Acquisition of the expected value of stimuli, actions, or states from experience with outcomes. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement. Engaged by 2 tasksMulti-Armed Bandit TaskProbabilistic Selection Task. No aliases.

Value-based decision making

Choice among options that differ in subjective value, computed across attributes. Filed under Value-Based Decision-Making Under Risk and Uncertainty. Engaged by 6 tasksBalloon Analog Risk TaskDelay Discounting TaskEffort-Based Decision-Making TaskIowa Gambling TaskMulti-Armed Bandit TaskTwo-Stage Decision Task. 1 aliasvalue-based choice.

Verbal fluency

Rapid generation of words under a semantic or phonemic constraint. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production. Engaged by 1 taskVerbal Fluency Task. No aliases.

Verbal memory

Memory for linguistic material (words, sentences), tested via word lists, story recall, and RAVLT. Filed under Long-Term Memory. Engaged by 1 taskRey Auditory Verbal Learning Task. No aliases.

Verbal working memory

Short-term storage of phonological/verbal information, historically “phonological loop”; supports digit span, Sternberg with letters. Filed under Short-Term and Working Memory. Engaged by 3 tasksDigit Span TaskOperation Span TaskSternberg Item Recognition Task. 1 aliasphonological loop.

Visual form recognition

Assignment of visual input to a shape category prior to semantic identification. Filed under Face and Object Perception. Engaged by no task in the current Catalog. 1 aliasshape recognition.

Visual object recognition

Identification of objects from visual input, invariant over viewpoint, size, and lighting. Filed under Face and Object Perception. Engaged by 3 tasksFace Processing TaskPicture Naming TaskWeapons Identification Task. 1 aliasobject recognition.

Visual perception

Perception of visual information; includes form, motion, depth, color, and spatial layout. Filed under Face and Object Perception. Engaged by 12 tasksAffective Picture Viewing TaskBiological Motion Perception TaskCambridge Face Memory TaskDigit Symbol Substitution TaskFace Processing TaskMental Rotation TaskNavon TaskRandom Dot Kinematogram TaskRaven’s Progressive Matrices TaskUseful Field of View TaskVisual Masking TaskVisual Search Task. No aliases.

Visual working memory

Short-term storage and manipulation of visual information; capacity limited to ~3–4 items. Filed under Short-Term and Working Memory. Engaged by 3 tasksChange Detection TaskDelayed Match-to-Sample TaskMultiple Object Tracking Task. No aliases.

Visuomotor adaptation

Recalibration of movement in response to perturbations of the mapping between vision and action. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution. Engaged by 1 taskMirror Tracing Task. 1 aliassensorimotor adaptation.

Vocal-motor control

Control of the articulators for speech production and vocalization. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution. Engaged by no task in the current Catalog. 1 aliasspeech motor control.

Word recognition

Identification of a word as a lexical item from its perceptual input. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production. Engaged by 3 tasksLexical Decision TaskSelf-Paced Reading TaskSemantic Priming Task. 1 aliasVisual word recognition.

Working memory

System for the short-term maintenance, updating, and manipulation of task-relevant information over delays of seconds. Filed under Short-Term and Working Memory. Engaged by 7 tasksDigit Symbol Substitution TaskN-Back TaskOperation Span TaskRaven’s Progressive Matrices TaskSternberg Item Recognition TaskTower of London TaskTrail Making Task. No aliases.

Working memory updating

Replacement or revision of information currently held active in working memory with newly task-relevant content. One of three core executive functions in the Miyake et al. unity/diversity framework; decomposable into retrieval, transformation, and substitution subcomponents (Ecker et al.); implemented by a cortico-striatal gating mechanism that opens to admit new content and closes to protect maintenance. Distinct from long-term-memory reconsolidation (which occurs when retrieval triggers a prediction error and targets stored representations rather than the focus of attention). Indexed behaviorally by N-Back, running-span, and keep-track performance. Filed under Short-Term and Working Memory. Engaged by 3 tasksN-Back TaskOddball TaskRapid Serial Visual Presentation Task. 1 aliasMemory Updating.