Rule use, planning and reasoning tasks¶
A rule must be discovered, applied, switched or used to plan a sequence of moves; switch costs, perseverative errors, solution accuracy and planning time are the measures.
This family contains 7 tasks.
Raven’s Progressive Matrices¶
Matrix completion items requiring induction of a rule from a 3x3 array of figures; items correct is a standard measure of non-verbal reasoning. Engages 5 processesInductive reasoningAnalogical reasoningPattern recognitionVisual perceptionWorking memory. 5 aliasesRaven’s Progressive Matrices TestRaven’s Progressive MatricesRPMRaven’sProgressive Matrices, 8 variationsStandard Progressive Matrices (SPM)Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM)Colored Progressive Matrices (CPM)Computerized Adaptive VersionMatrix Reasoning (WAIS subtest)Sandia MatricesTime-Limited vs. Untimed AdministrationShortened Versions (15-Item).
Remote Associates¶
Three cue words linked to a single fourth word; solution rate and solution time index semantic search and insight. Engages 4 processesInsightSemantic processingSemantic knowledgeLexical access. 3 aliasesRemote Associates TestRATRemote Associates, 4 variationsStandard RAT (Mednick)Compound RAT (CRAT)Timed vs. Untimed RATRAT with Hint/Priming, also filed under 1 other familyLanguage comprehension and production tasks.
Task Switching¶
Alternation between two or more simple tasks on cue; switch-cost RT and errors index task-set reconfiguration. Engages 4 processesSet shiftingGoal maintenanceProactive controlResponse selection. 2 aliasesSet ShiftingAlternating Runs, 10 variationsCued Task-SwitchingAlternating Runs (AABB)Voluntary Task SwitchingMixing Cost ParadigmCue-Stimulus Interval (CSI) ManipulationResponse-Stimulus Interval (RSI) ManipulationTask Switching with N>2 TasksUnivalent vs. Bivalent StimuliPredictable vs. Random Task SequencesTask Switching with Conflict.
Tower of London¶
Rearrange colored beads on pegs to match a goal state in the minimum number of moves; pre-execution latency and move efficiency index planning. Engages 5 processesPlanningMeans-ends analysisSubgoalingWorking memoryStrategy use. 3 aliasesTOLShallice Tower TaskTower of London, 6 variationsStandard Tower of London (3 pegs, 3 balls)Tower of HanoiTower of London – Drexel (TOL-DX)Tower of London – Freiburg (TOL-F)Computerized vs. Physical VersionsTower with Time Pressure.
Trail Making¶
Paper-and-pencil sequencing: connect numbered circles (Part A) or alternate numbers and letters (Part B) as fast as possible. B−A difference indexes set switching. Engages 5 processesSelective attentionSet shiftingResponse executionMotor planningWorking memory. 4 aliasesTrail Making TestTMTTrails A/BTrail Making, 6 variationsTMT-A (Number Sequencing)TMT-B (Number-Letter Alternation)Oral Trail Making TestColor Trails TestComprehensive Trail Making Test (CTMT)D-KEFS Trail Making, also filed under 1 other familyMotor performance and speeded response tasks.
Wason Selection¶
Four cards with letters and numbers under a conditional rule; participants choose cards to turn over to test the rule. Indexes conditional reasoning and content effects. Engages 3 processesDeductive reasoningHypothesis testingSocial perception. 2 aliasesWasonCard Selection Task, 8 variationsAbstract Wason Task (Standard)Thematic/Concrete VersionsSocial Contract VersionsPrecaution RulesDeontic vs. Indicative RulesNegated RulesProbabilistic Selection TaskWason 2-4-6 Task (Related).
Wisconsin Card Sorting¶
Sort cards by a hidden rule (color, form, or number) using only correct/incorrect feedback; after runs of correct sorts the rule silently switches. Perseverative errors index set-shifting. Engages 5 processesSet shiftingHypothesis testingError detectionCategorizationStrategy use. 3 aliasesWisconsin Card Sorting TestWCSTCard Sorting Task, 7 variationsStandard WCST (128 Cards)Short Form WCST (64 Cards)Modified WCST with Explicit CuesBerg Card Sorting TestIntra-/Extra-Dimensional Set Shifting (IED)Reversal-Only WCSTProbabilistic WCST.