Long-Term Memory

Scope: Encoding, consolidation, retrieval; recall and recognition; recollection and familiarity; source memory; episodic, semantic, autobiographical, verbal memory; pattern completion and separation; proactive and retroactive interference; forgetting; directed forgetting; reconsolidation; prospective memory.

Out of scope: “Memory” as an umbrella; semantic representation itself (that lives closer to Language as semantic knowledge); short-term storage (Short-Term and Working Memory).

Inherited Directed forgetting from the dissolved “Memory Control and Metamemory” category. :::

This category contains 21 processes.

Autobiographical memory

Process ID: hed_autobiographical_memory

Memory for personally experienced events across the lifespan, integrating episodic and semantic components.

Tasks

The following tasks engage this process:

Fundamental references

  • Conway & Pleydell-Pearce (2000) Psychological Review 107:261–288

Recent references

  • Conway (2009) Neuropsychologia 47:2305–2313

Consolidation

Process ID: hed_consolidation

Post-encoding stabilization of memory traces, dependent on time and often on sleep; includes synaptic and systems consolidation.

Tasks

The following tasks engage this process:

Fundamental references

  • McGaugh (2000) Science 287:248–251

Recent references

  • Dudai, Karni & Born (2015) Neuron 88:20–32

Declarative memory

Process ID: hed_declarative_memory

Consciously accessible memory for facts and events; encompasses semantic and episodic memory.

Tasks

The following tasks engage this process:

Fundamental references

  • Squire & Zola-Morgan (1991) Science 253:1380–1386

Recent references

  • Squire & Wixted (2011) Annual Review of Neuroscience 34:259–288

Directed forgetting

Process ID: hed_directed_forgetting

Reduced memory for items that have been cued to be forgotten, relative to items cued to be remembered.

Tasks

The following tasks engage this process:

Fundamental references

  • Bjork (1970) Acta Psychologica 33:288–296

Recent references

  • Anderson & Hanslmayr (2014) Trends in Cognitive Sciences 18:279–292

Encoding

Process ID: hed_encoding

Processes by which perceptual input is transformed into a memory representation at acquisition.

Tasks

The following tasks engage this process:

Fundamental references

  • Craik & Lockhart (1972) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 11:671–684

Recent references

  • Paller & Wagner (2002) Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6:93–102

Episodic memory

Process ID: hed_episodic_memory

Memory for specific events located in a particular place and time and accompanied by autonoetic consciousness.

Tasks

The following tasks engage this process:

Fundamental references

  • Tulving (1972) in Organization of Memory

  • Tulving (2002) Annual Review of Psychology 53:1–25

Recent references

  • Moscovitch, Cabeza, Winocur & Nadel (2016) Annual Review of Psychology 67:105–134

Familiarity

Process ID: hed_familiarity

Sense that a stimulus has been encountered before, in the absence of retrieval of contextual detail.

Tasks

The following tasks engage this process:

Fundamental references

  • Mandler (1980) Psychological Review 87:252–271

Forgetting

Process ID: hed_forgetting

Loss of accessibility of previously encoded information, due to decay, interference, or retrieval failure.

No tasks in the current catalog are linked to this process.

Fundamental references

  • Ebbinghaus (1885) Über das Gedächtnis

Recent references

  • Hardt, Nader & Nadel (2013) Trends in Cognitive Sciences 17:111–120

Pattern completion

Process ID: hed_pattern_completion

Retrieval of a complete memory from a partial or degraded cue; CA3 function.

Tasks

The following tasks engage this process:

Fundamental references

  • Marr (1971) Philosophical Transactions B 262:23–81

Recent references

  • Rolls (2013) Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 7:74

Pattern separation

Process ID: hed_pattern_separation

Transformation of similar input patterns into distinct, non-overlapping memory representations; dentate gyrus function.

Tasks

The following tasks engage this process:

Recent references

  • Yassa & Stark (2011) Trends in Neurosciences 34:515–525

Proactive interference

Process ID: hed_proactive_interference

Disruption of new learning by previously learned material.

Tasks

The following tasks engage this process:

Recent references

  • Jonides & Nee (2006) Neuroscience 139:181–193

Prospective memory

Process ID: hed_prospective_memory

Memory for intentions to act at a future time or on a future event.

Tasks

The following tasks engage this process:

Fundamental references

  • Einstein & McDaniel (1990) JEP: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 16:717–726

Recent references

  • McDaniel, Umanath, Einstein & Waldum (2015) Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 4:268–279

Recall

Process ID: hed_recall

Retrieval of items without an external cue provided at test (free or cued recall).

Tasks

The following tasks engage this process:

Recognition

Process ID: hed_recognition

Judgment that a test item has been previously encountered; supported by familiarity and recollection.

Tasks

The following tasks engage this process:

Fundamental references

  • Mandler (1980) Psychological Review 87:252–271

Recollection

Process ID: hed_recollection

Retrieval of contextual detail about a prior event, including source information.

Tasks

The following tasks engage this process:

Fundamental references

  • Jacoby (1991) Journal of Memory and Language 30:513–541

Recent references

  • Diana, Yonelinas & Ranganath (2007) Trends in Cognitive Sciences 11:379–386

Reconsolidation

Process ID: hed_reconsolidation

Destabilization and re-stabilization of a memory upon retrieval, creating a window for modification.

No tasks in the current catalog are linked to this process.

Fundamental references

  • Nader, Schafe & LeDoux (2000) Nature 406:722–726

Recent references

  • Elsey, Van Ast & Kindt (2018) Psychological Bulletin 144:797–848

Retrieval

Process ID: hed_retrieval

Reactivation of a stored memory representation; dissociable into cue-driven and strategic retrieval.

Tasks

The following tasks engage this process:

Fundamental references

  • Tulving & Pearlstone (1966) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 5:381–391

Recent references

  • Rugg & Vilberg (2013) Current Opinion in Neurobiology 23:255–260

Retroactive interference

Process ID: hed_retroactive_interference

Disruption of older memories by newly learned material.

Tasks

The following tasks engage this process:

Recent references

  • Wixted (2004) Annual Review of Psychology 55:235–269

Semantic memory

Process ID: hed_semantic_memory

Long-term store of general knowledge about the world — facts, concepts, and word meanings — dissociable from episodic memory and supported by distributed cortical representations.

No tasks in the current catalog are linked to this process.

Fundamental references

  • Tulving (1972) in Organization of Memory

  • Collins & Quillian (1969) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 8:240–247

Recent references

  • Binder & Desai (2011) Trends in Cognitive Sciences 15:527–536

Source memory

Process ID: hed_source_memory

Memory for the contextual origin of information (e.g., who said it, where it was seen).

Tasks

The following tasks engage this process:

Fundamental references

  • Johnson, Hashtroudi & Lindsay (1993) Psychological Bulletin 114:3–28

Recent references

  • Mitchell & Johnson (2009) Psychological Bulletin 135:638–677

Verbal memory

Process ID: hed_verbal_memory

Memory for linguistic material (words, sentences), tested via word lists, story recall, and RAVLT.

Tasks

The following tasks engage this process:

Fundamental references

  • Rey (1958) L’examen clinique en psychologie

Recent references

  • Schmidt (1996) Rey Auditory and Verbal Learning Test