Long-Term Memory¶
Scope: Encoding, consolidation, retrieval; recall and recognition; recollection and familiarity; source memory; episodic, semantic, autobiographical, verbal memory; pattern completion and separation; proactive and retroactive interference; forgetting; directed forgetting; reconsolidation; prospective memory.
Out of scope: “Memory” as an umbrella; semantic representation itself (that lives closer to Language as semantic knowledge); short-term storage (Short-Term and Working Memory).
Note
Open issues: The recollection / familiarity / source-memory sub-distinctions are preserved as separate rows. Further sub-splitting (e.g., recollection by domain) is deferred.
This category contains 21 processes.
Autobiographical memory¶
Process ID: hed_autobiographical_memory
Memory for personally experienced events across the lifespan, integrating episodic and semantic components.
Tasks that engage this process: Autobiographical Memory Task
Fundamental references
Conway & Pleydell-Pearce (2000) Psychological Review 107:261–288 (DOI)
Further references
Consolidation¶
Process ID: hed_consolidation
Also known as: memory consolidation
Post-encoding stabilization of memory traces, dependent on time and often on sleep; includes synaptic and systems consolidation.
Tasks that engage this process: Motor Sequence Learning Task
Fundamental references
McGaugh (2000) Science 287:248–251 (DOI)
Further references
Declarative memory¶
Process ID: hed_declarative_memory
Also known as: explicit memory
Consciously accessible memory for facts and events; encompasses semantic and episodic memory.
Tasks that engage this process: Paired Associates Learning Task
Fundamental references
Squire & Zola-Morgan (1991) Science 253:1380–1386 (DOI)
Further references
Squire & Wixted (2011) Annual Review of Neuroscience 34:259–288 (DOI)
Directed forgetting¶
Process ID: hed_directed_forgetting
Reduced memory for items that have been cued to be forgotten, relative to items cued to be remembered.
Tasks that engage this process: Directed Forgetting Task, Think/No-Think Task
Fundamental references
Bjork (1970) Acta Psychologica 33:288–296
Further references
Encoding¶
Process ID: hed_encoding
Also known as: memory encoding
Processes by which perceptual input is transformed into a memory representation at acquisition.
Tasks that engage this process: Cambridge Face Memory Task, Change Detection Task, Delayed Match-to-Sample Task, Directed Forgetting Task, Free Recall Task, Judgment-of-Learning Task, Mnemonic Similarity Task, Old/New Recognition Memory Task, Paired Associates Learning Task, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task, Self-Referential Encoding Task, Virtual Morris Water Maze Task, Virtual Radial Arm Maze Task
Fundamental references
Craik & Lockhart (1972) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 11:671–684 (DOI)
Further references
Episodic memory¶
Process ID: hed_episodic_memory
Memory for specific events located in a particular place and time and accompanied by autonoetic consciousness.
Tasks that engage this process: Free Recall Task, Mnemonic Similarity Task, Old/New Recognition Memory Task, Paired Associates Learning Task, Remember/Know Task, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task
Fundamental references
Tulving (1972) in Organization of Memory
Tulving (2002) Annual Review of Psychology 53:1–25 (DOI)
Further references
Moscovitch, Cabeza, Winocur & Nadel (2016) Annual Review of Psychology 67:105–134 (DOI)
Familiarity¶
Process ID: hed_familiarity
Sense that a stimulus has been encountered before, in the absence of retrieval of contextual detail.
Tasks that engage this process: Feeling-of-Knowing Task, Mnemonic Similarity Task, Old/New Recognition Memory Task, Remember/Know Task, Source Memory Task
Fundamental references
Mandler (1980) Psychological Review 87:252–271 (DOI)
Forgetting¶
Process ID: hed_forgetting
Loss of accessibility of previously encoded information, due to decay, interference, or retrieval failure.
Tasks that engage this process: none in the current Catalog.
Fundamental references
Ebbinghaus (1885/1964) Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology Dover
Further references
Pattern completion¶
Process ID: hed_pattern_completion
Retrieval of a complete memory from a partial or degraded cue; CA3 function.
Tasks that engage this process: Mnemonic Similarity Task
Fundamental references
Marr (1971) Philosophical Transactions B 262:23–81 (DOI)
Further references
Pattern separation¶
Process ID: hed_pattern_separation
Transformation of similar input patterns into distinct, non-overlapping memory representations; dentate gyrus function.
Tasks that engage this process: Mnemonic Similarity Task
Fundamental references
Proactive interference¶
Process ID: hed_proactive_interference
Disruption of new learning by previously learned material.
Tasks that engage this process: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task
Further references
Prospective memory¶
Process ID: hed_prospective_memory
Memory for intentions to act at a future time or on a future event.
Tasks that engage this process: Prospective Memory Task
Fundamental references
Einstein & McDaniel (1990) JEP: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 16:717–726 (DOI)
Further references
McDaniel, Umanath, Einstein & Waldum (2015) Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 9:392–279 (DOI)
Recall¶
Process ID: hed_recall
Retrieval of items without an external cue provided at test (free or cued recall).
Tasks that engage this process: Free Recall Task, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task, Think/No-Think Task
Recognition¶
Process ID: hed_recognition
Also known as: recognition memory
Judgment that a test item has been previously encountered; supported by familiarity and recollection.
Tasks that engage this process: Cambridge Face Memory Task, Delayed Match-to-Sample Task, Mnemonic Similarity Task, Old/New Recognition Memory Task, Remember/Know Task
Fundamental references
Mandler (1980) Psychological Review 87:252–271 (DOI)
Recollection¶
Process ID: hed_recollection
Retrieval of contextual detail about a prior event, including source information.
Tasks that engage this process: Autobiographical Memory Task, Old/New Recognition Memory Task, Remember/Know Task, Self-Referential Encoding Task, Source Memory Task
Fundamental references
Jacoby (1991) Journal of Memory and Language 30:513–541 (DOI)
Further references
Diana, Yonelinas & Ranganath (2007) Trends in Cognitive Sciences 11:379–386 (DOI)
Reconsolidation¶
Process ID: hed_reconsolidation
Also known as: memory reconsolidation
Destabilization and re-stabilization of a memory upon retrieval, creating a window for modification.
Tasks that engage this process: none in the current Catalog.
Fundamental references
Further references
Elsey, Van Ast & Kindt (2018) Psychological Bulletin 144:797–848 (DOI)
Retrieval¶
Process ID: hed_retrieval
Also known as: memory retrieval
Reactivation of a stored memory representation; dissociable into cue-driven and strategic retrieval.
Tasks that engage this process: Autobiographical Memory Task, Directed Forgetting Task, Feeling-of-Knowing Task, Free Recall Task, Old/New Recognition Memory Task, Paired Associates Learning Task, Prospective Memory Task, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task, Self-Referential Encoding Task, Source Memory Task, Sternberg Item Recognition Task, Think/No-Think Task, Virtual Morris Water Maze Task, Virtual Radial Arm Maze Task
Fundamental references
Tulving & Pearlstone (1966) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 5:381–391 (DOI)
Further references
Retroactive interference¶
Process ID: hed_retroactive_interference
Disruption of older memories by newly learned material.
Tasks that engage this process: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task
Further references
Wixted (2004) Annual Review of Psychology 55:235–269 (DOI)
Semantic memory¶
Process ID: hed_semantic_memory
Long-term store of general knowledge about the world — facts, concepts, and word meanings — dissociable from episodic memory and supported by distributed cortical representations.
Tasks that engage this process: none in the current Catalog.
Fundamental references
Tulving (1972) in Organization of Memory
Collins & Quillian (1969) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 8:240–247 (DOI)
Further references
Source memory¶
Process ID: hed_source_memory
Also known as: source monitoring - Johnson, Hashtroudi & Lindsay (1993) tradition
Memory for the contextual origin of information (e.g., who said it, where it was seen).
Tasks that engage this process: Source Memory Task
Fundamental references
Johnson, Hashtroudi & Lindsay (1993) Psychological Bulletin 114:3–28 (DOI)
Further references
Mitchell & Johnson (2009) Psychological Bulletin 135:638–677 (DOI)
Verbal memory¶
Process ID: hed_verbal_memory
Memory for linguistic material (words, sentences), tested via word lists, story recall, and RAVLT.
Tasks that engage this process: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task
Fundamental references
Rey (1958) L’examen clinique en psychologie Presses Universitaires de France