Processes alphabetically¶
All 172 processes in name order, each with the category it is filed under. Processes by category presents the same processes grouped by category.
Acoustic processing¶
Low-level analysis of sound, including frequency, intensity, and temporal structure. Filed under Auditory and Pre-Attentive Deviance Processing; engaged by 1 task.
Action initiation¶
Triggering of an action after planning is complete. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution; engaged by no task in the current Catalog.
Active maintenance¶
Holding information active over a delay without manipulation, through volitional, attention-demanding processes; a core subprocess of working memory. Filed under Short-Term and Working Memory; engaged by 7 tasks.
Affective priming¶
Facilitation or interference in evaluating a target by a valence-related prime. Filed under Emotion Perception and Regulation; engaged by 1 task.
Alerting¶
Achieving and maintaining a state of readiness to respond, whether tonic or phasic; one of Posner’s three attentional networks. Filed under Selective and Sustained Attention; engaged by 3 tasks.
Analogical reasoning¶
Mapping of relational structure from a source domain to a target domain. Filed under Reasoning and Problem-Solving; engaged by 1 task.
Antisaccade¶
Voluntary eye movement away from a peripheral stimulus, requiring inhibition of a prepotent saccade. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution; engaged by 1 task.
Approach motivation¶
Tendency to engage with stimuli associated with positive outcomes. Filed under Reward Anticipation and Motivation; engaged by 7 tasks.
Associative learning¶
Learning of co-occurrence relations between stimuli or between stimuli and responses. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement; engaged by 7 tasks.
Attention shifting¶
Reorienting of attention from one location, feature, or object to another, indexed by cost in RT or accuracy. Filed under Selective and Sustained Attention; engaged by 1 task.
Attentional awareness¶
Awareness of the current focus and content of attention. Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition; engaged by 2 tasks.
Attentional capture¶
Involuntary shift of attention to a salient stimulus that is not the current target of task-directed attention. Filed under Selective and Sustained Attention; engaged by 4 tasks.
Auditory perception¶
Perception of sound, including pitch, timbre, loudness, and spatial location. Filed under Auditory and Pre-Attentive Deviance Processing; engaged by 2 tasks.
Auditory tone discrimination¶
Judgment of whether two tones differ in pitch, intensity, or duration. Filed under Auditory and Pre-Attentive Deviance Processing; engaged by 1 task.
Autobiographical memory¶
Memory for personally experienced events across the lifespan, integrating episodic and semantic components. Filed under Long-Term Memory; engaged by 1 task.
Avoidance motivation¶
Tendency to disengage from stimuli associated with negative outcomes. Filed under Reward Anticipation and Motivation; engaged by 3 tasks.
Biological motion perception¶
Recognition of animate motion from sparse kinematic cues, such as point-light displays. Filed under Face and Object Perception; engaged by 1 task.
Body ownership¶
The experience that a body or body-part belongs to the self, revealed by multisensory illusions in which synchronous visuo-tactile or visuo-proprioceptive input shifts the perceived location of the body. Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition; engaged by 1 task.
Categorization¶
Assignment of instances to categories according to their features. Filed under Reasoning and Problem-Solving; engaged by 8 tasks.
Causal reasoning¶
Inference about cause–effect relations from observation and intervention. Filed under Reasoning and Problem-Solving; engaged by 1 task.
Choice commitment¶
The act of locking in a selected option once accumulated evidence or value crosses a decision boundary; measured by response-time distributions, drift-diffusion boundary parameters, and motor preparation signatures. Filed under Value-Based Decision-Making Under Risk and Uncertainty; engaged by no task in the current Catalog.
Chunking¶
Binding of multiple items into a single unit in memory to expand effective capacity. Filed under Short-Term and Working Memory; engaged by 1 task.
Cognitive reappraisal¶
Reinterpretation of an emotional stimulus to change its affective impact. Filed under Emotion Perception and Regulation; engaged by 1 task.
Competition¶
Action in conflict with another agent’s interests for a contested resource. Filed under Social Cognition and Strategic Social Choice; engaged by 1 task.
Conflict monitoring¶
Detection of co-activation of incompatible response tendencies, proposed to recruit anterior cingulate cortex and trigger cognitive control. Filed under Inhibitory Control and Conflict Monitoring; engaged by 9 tasks.
Consolidation¶
Post-encoding stabilization of memory traces, dependent on time and often on sleep; includes synaptic and systems consolidation. Filed under Long-Term Memory; engaged by 1 task.
Cooperation¶
Coordinated action among agents for mutual benefit, often at individual cost. Filed under Social Cognition and Strategic Social Choice; engaged by 2 tasks.
Declarative memory¶
Consciously accessible memory for facts and events; encompasses semantic and episodic memory. Filed under Long-Term Memory; engaged by 1 task.
Deductive reasoning¶
Inference in which the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises. Filed under Reasoning and Problem-Solving; engaged by 1 task.
Delay discounting¶
Devaluation of a reward as a function of the delay to its receipt, typically hyperbolic. Filed under Value-Based Decision-Making Under Risk and Uncertainty; engaged by 1 task.
Depth perception¶
Perception of distance and three-dimensional structure from monocular and binocular cues. Filed under Face and Object Perception; engaged by no task in the current Catalog.
Directed forgetting¶
Reduced memory for items that have been cued to be forgotten, relative to items cued to be remembered. Filed under Long-Term Memory; engaged by 2 tasks.
Discourse processing¶
Integration of sentences into coherent representations of extended text or conversation. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production; engaged by 1 task.
Divided attention¶
Concurrent processing of two or more streams of information or two tasks, typically yielding dual-task interference. Filed under Selective and Sustained Attention; engaged by 4 tasks.
Effort allocation¶
Decision to expend physical or cognitive effort as a function of expected reward and cost. Filed under Reward Anticipation and Motivation; engaged by 1 task.
Emotion recognition¶
Identification of emotional states from cues such as facial expression or vocal prosody. Filed under Emotion Perception and Regulation; engaged by 7 tasks.
Emotion regulation¶
Processes by which individuals influence which emotions they have, when, and how they experience and express them. Filed under Emotion Perception and Regulation; engaged by 5 tasks.
Encoding¶
Processes by which perceptual input is transformed into a memory representation at acquisition. Filed under Long-Term Memory; engaged by 13 tasks.
Episodic memory¶
Memory for specific events located in a particular place and time and accompanied by autonoetic consciousness. Filed under Long-Term Memory; engaged by 6 tasks.
Error correction¶
Adjustment of behavior following an error, including post-error slowing and improvement on subsequent trials. Filed under Inhibitory Control and Conflict Monitoring; engaged by no task in the current Catalog.
Error detection¶
Recognition that a response was incorrect, indexed by the error-related negativity (ERN) and by error awareness. Filed under Inhibitory Control and Conflict Monitoring; engaged by 3 tasks.
Executive attention¶
Resolution of conflict among thoughts, feelings, and responses; one of Posner’s three attentional networks. Filed under Inhibitory Control and Conflict Monitoring; engaged by 3 tasks.
Expressive suppression¶
Inhibition of outward behavioral expression of emotion. Filed under Emotion Perception and Regulation; engaged by 1 task.
Extinction¶
Decrease in a previously reinforced response when reinforcement is withheld; a form of new inhibitory learning rather than erasure. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement; engaged by 1 task.
Face identity recognition¶
Identification of an individual from face-specific features. Filed under Face and Object Perception; engaged by 1 task.
Face perception¶
Recognition and processing of faces as a specialized perceptual category; N170-sensitive, FFA-dependent. Filed under Face and Object Perception; engaged by 5 tasks.
Familiarity¶
Sense that a stimulus has been encountered before, in the absence of retrieval of contextual detail. Filed under Long-Term Memory; engaged by 5 tasks.
Feature-based attention¶
Selection of a specific visual feature (e.g., a color, orientation, or motion direction) that enhances processing of that feature throughout the visual field. Filed under Selective and Sustained Attention; engaged by 1 task.
Feeling of knowing¶
Judgment that information currently not retrievable would be recognized if presented. Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition; engaged by 1 task.
Fine motor control¶
Precise control of small-amplitude movements, typically of the hand and fingers. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution; engaged by 3 tasks.
Forgetting¶
Loss of accessibility of previously encoded information, due to decay, interference, or retrieval failure. Filed under Long-Term Memory; engaged by no task in the current Catalog.
Goal maintenance¶
Active holding of task goals, rules, or sub-goals in a form that biases ongoing processing. Filed under Cognitive Flexibility and Higher-Order Executive Function; engaged by 1 task.
Goal-directed behavior¶
Behavior that is sensitive to current outcome value, characteristic of action–outcome learning. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement; engaged by 1 task.
Grasping¶
Shaping and closure of the hand around an object. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution; engaged by no task in the current Catalog.
Gustatory perception¶
Perception of taste qualities (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami). Filed under Face and Object Perception; engaged by no task in the current Catalog.
Habit¶
Behavior that is insensitive to the current value of its outcome, characteristic of stimulus–response learning. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement; engaged by 1 task.
Hypothesis testing¶
Generation and evaluation of alternative explanations against evidence. Filed under Reasoning and Problem-Solving; engaged by 2 tasks.
Imitation¶
Reproduction of observed actions or behaviors. Filed under Social Cognition and Strategic Social Choice; engaged by 1 task.
Implicit memory¶
Memory expressed without conscious recollection, measurable by priming, skill learning, and conditioning. Filed under Implicit and Statistical Learning; engaged by 3 tasks.
In-group/out-group processing¶
Differential processing of members of one’s own group versus other groups. Filed under Social Cognition and Strategic Social Choice; engaged by 2 tasks.
Incentive salience¶
“Wanting” attributed to reward-predictive cues, distinct from “liking.” Filed under Reward Anticipation and Motivation; engaged by 2 tasks.
Inductive reasoning¶
Inference from specific instances to general principles; probabilistic rather than necessary. Filed under Reasoning and Problem-Solving; engaged by 1 task.
Insight¶
Sudden restructuring of a problem representation yielding a solution that was previously unavailable, often accompanied by an “Aha!” experience distinct from incremental analytic search. Filed under Reasoning and Problem-Solving; engaged by 1 task.
Instrumental conditioning¶
Learning that an action produces an outcome; also called operant conditioning. Encompasses both goal-directed (action–outcome) and habitual (stimulus–response) control, studied via reinforcement schedules and outcome-devaluation procedures. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement; engaged by 1 task.
Interference control¶
Resistance to interference from task-irrelevant stimuli or competing response representations, measured by Stroop, Flanker, and Simon effects. Filed under Inhibitory Control and Conflict Monitoring; engaged by 9 tasks.
Interoceptive awareness¶
Conscious perception of internal bodily signals such as heartbeat, respiration, and visceral state; indexed by heartbeat-detection accuracy, heartbeat-evoked potentials, and interoceptive sensibility measures. Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition; engaged by 2 tasks.
Intertemporal choice¶
Choice among options that differ in timing of outcomes; choice between smaller-sooner and larger-later. Filed under Value-Based Decision-Making Under Risk and Uncertainty; engaged by 1 task.
Joint attention¶
Coordinated focus by two or more agents on the same object or event, involving shared awareness that attention is joint. Filed under Social Cognition and Strategic Social Choice; engaged by no task in the current Catalog.
Judgment of learning¶
Prediction of future memory performance made during or after encoding. Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition; engaged by 1 task.
Language comprehension¶
Extraction of meaning from linguistic input (spoken, written, or signed). Filed under Language Comprehension and Production; engaged by 2 tasks.
Language production¶
Generation of spoken, written, or signed linguistic output, from message to articulation. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production; engaged by 2 tasks.
Lexical access¶
Retrieval of word-level representations (form and meaning) from memory. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production; engaged by 7 tasks.
Manipulation¶
Transformation of information held in working memory (reordering, reversing, combining) beyond simple maintenance. Filed under Short-Term and Working Memory; engaged by 2 tasks.
Masking¶
Reduction in visibility or detectability of a target stimulus by a temporally or spatially adjacent masker. Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition; engaged by 2 tasks.
Mathematical reasoning¶
Manipulation of numerical and algebraic quantities and relations. Filed under Reasoning and Problem-Solving; engaged by no task in the current Catalog.
Means-ends analysis¶
Iterative problem-solving strategy in which the distance between the current state and the goal state is reduced by selecting operators that diminish the largest remaining difference. Filed under Reasoning and Problem-Solving; engaged by 1 task.
Mental rotation¶
Imagined rotation of a 2D or 3D figure to compare with another figure; RT increases linearly with angular disparity. Filed under Spatial Cognition and Navigation; engaged by 1 task.
Metacognitive control¶
Regulation of cognition based on metacognitive monitoring - study-time allocation, strategy selection, answer withholding, and restart decisions - linking second-order evaluation to first-order behavior. Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition; engaged by 3 tasks.
Metacognitive monitoring¶
Second-order evaluation of ongoing first-order cognition - how confident one is in a perception, memory, or judgment - yielding reportable assessments that dissociate from first-order accuracy. Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition; engaged by 6 tasks.
Mind wandering¶
Task-unrelated thought that arises during an ongoing task. Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition; engaged by 3 tasks.
Model-based learning¶
Reinforcement learning that uses an internal model of the environment’s transition and reward structure to plan. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement; engaged by 1 task.
Model-free learning¶
Reinforcement learning from cached value estimates updated by prediction errors, without an explicit model of the environment. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement; engaged by 1 task.
Motion perception¶
Detection and interpretation of moving stimuli; includes global motion and optic flow. Filed under Face and Object Perception; engaged by 2 tasks.
Motor memory¶
Long-term retention of motor skills and procedures. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution; engaged by no task in the current Catalog.
Motor planning¶
Specification of movement parameters before execution. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution; engaged by 4 tasks.
Motor preparation¶
Neural readiness state preceding movement, indexed by the readiness potential and LRP. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution; engaged by 5 tasks.
Motor sequence learning¶
Acquisition of a skilled sequence of movements through repetition. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution; engaged by 2 tasks.
Motor timing¶
Production or estimation of temporal intervals in motor output. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution; engaged by 1 task.
Naming¶
Production of a word label for a presented stimulus (e.g., picture naming). Filed under Language Comprehension and Production; engaged by 1 task.
Object-based attention¶
Selection of an object as a unit of attention such that the attended features belonging to the object are processed together. Filed under Selective and Sustained Attention; engaged by 2 tasks.
Olfactory perception¶
Perception of odor via the olfactory system. Filed under Face and Object Perception; engaged by no task in the current Catalog.
Orienting¶
Selection of information from sensory input, typically in space, by covert or overt shifts of attention; one of Posner’s three attentional networks. Filed under Selective and Sustained Attention; engaged by 3 tasks.
Pattern completion¶
Retrieval of a complete memory from a partial or degraded cue; CA3 function. Filed under Long-Term Memory; engaged by 1 task.
Pattern recognition¶
Categorization of sensory input according to its structure. Filed under Face and Object Perception; engaged by 3 tasks.
Pattern separation¶
Transformation of similar input patterns into distinct, non-overlapping memory representations; dentate gyrus function. Filed under Long-Term Memory; engaged by 1 task.
Pavlovian conditioning¶
Learning that a neutral stimulus predicts a biologically significant outcome, leading to conditioned responding. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement; engaged by 1 task.
Perceptual awareness¶
Conscious access to perceptual content. Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition; engaged by 2 tasks.
Perceptual decision making¶
Integration of noisy sensory evidence toward a decision criterion, modeled by sequential-sampling frameworks (drift-diffusion, race models) and indexed by accuracy and response-time distributions. Filed under Perceptual Decision-Making (Evidence Accumulation); engaged by 3 tasks.
Perspective taking¶
Representation of another’s viewpoint, visual or cognitive. Filed under Social Cognition and Strategic Social Choice; engaged by 5 tasks.
Phonological awareness¶
Explicit awareness of the sound structure of spoken words (onsets, rimes, phonemes). Filed under Language Comprehension and Production; engaged by 1 task.
Phonological encoding¶
Assembly of phonological representations during language production. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production; engaged by 1 task.
Pitch perception¶
Perception of the highness or lowness of a sound, related to fundamental frequency. Filed under Auditory and Pre-Attentive Deviance Processing; engaged by 1 task.
Planning¶
Mental formulation of a sequence of actions toward a goal before execution. Filed under Reasoning and Problem-Solving; engaged by 1 task.
Policy learning¶
Direct learning of a mapping from states to actions without necessarily estimating values. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement; engaged by no task in the current Catalog.
Proactive control¶
Sustained, anticipatory maintenance of task goals that biases processing in preparation for an expected demand. Filed under Inhibitory Control and Conflict Monitoring; engaged by 1 task.
Proactive interference¶
Disruption of new learning by previously learned material. Filed under Long-Term Memory; engaged by 1 task.
Probability judgment¶
Estimation of likelihoods of events, often deviating from normative Bayes. Filed under Value-Based Decision-Making Under Risk and Uncertainty; engaged by 1 task.
Procedural memory¶
Non-declarative memory for skills and procedures, expressed through improved performance rather than conscious recollection. Filed under Implicit and Statistical Learning; engaged by 5 tasks.
Proprioception¶
Perception of body position and movement from muscle, tendon, and joint receptors. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution; engaged by no task in the current Catalog.
Prospective memory¶
Memory for intentions to act at a future time or on a future event. Filed under Long-Term Memory; engaged by 1 task.
Reaching¶
Goal-directed arm movement toward a spatial target. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution; engaged by no task in the current Catalog.
Reactive control¶
Transient, stimulus-triggered engagement of control after interference or conflict is detected. Filed under Inhibitory Control and Conflict Monitoring; engaged by 1 task.
Reading¶
Visual processing of written text, integrating orthography, phonology, and meaning. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production; engaged by 3 tasks.
Recall¶
Retrieval of items without an external cue provided at test (free or cued recall). Filed under Long-Term Memory; engaged by 3 tasks.
Reciprocity¶
Contingent positive or negative responses to another’s prior behavior. Filed under Social Cognition and Strategic Social Choice; engaged by 4 tasks.
Recognition¶
Judgment that a test item has been previously encountered; supported by familiarity and recollection. Filed under Long-Term Memory; engaged by 5 tasks.
Recollection¶
Retrieval of contextual detail about a prior event, including source information. Filed under Long-Term Memory; engaged by 5 tasks.
Reconsolidation¶
Destabilization and re-stabilization of a memory upon retrieval, creating a window for modification. Filed under Long-Term Memory; engaged by no task in the current Catalog.
Rehearsal¶
Covert repetition of material to refresh its representation in short-term memory, especially for verbal material (articulatory rehearsal). Filed under Short-Term and Working Memory; engaged by 2 tasks.
Reinforcement learning¶
Learning to select actions that maximize cumulative reward through experience with reward prediction errors. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement; engaged by 7 tasks.
Response conflict¶
Competing activation of two or more response representations on a single trial, typically engaging cognitive control. Filed under Inhibitory Control and Conflict Monitoring; engaged by 7 tasks.
Response execution¶
Overt production of a selected response in accordance with task demands. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution; engaged by 8 tasks.
Response inhibition¶
Suppression of a prepotent or already-initiated response when it becomes inappropriate, indexed behaviorally by stop-signal reaction time or commission errors. Filed under Inhibitory Control and Conflict Monitoring; engaged by 11 tasks.
Response selection¶
Choice of an action from a set of alternatives. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution; engaged by 11 tasks.
Retrieval¶
Reactivation of a stored memory representation; dissociable into cue-driven and strategic retrieval. Filed under Long-Term Memory; engaged by 14 tasks.
Retroactive interference¶
Disruption of older memories by newly learned material. Filed under Long-Term Memory; engaged by 1 task.
Reversal learning¶
Relearning after contingencies between stimuli (or responses) and outcomes are switched. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement; engaged by 1 task.
Reward anticipation¶
Affective and neural response to cues predicting upcoming reward. Filed under Reward Anticipation and Motivation; engaged by 4 tasks.
Reward consumption¶
Affective and neural response to receipt of reward. Filed under Reward Anticipation and Motivation; engaged by no task in the current Catalog.
Reward prediction error¶
Signed difference between received and expected reward, instantiated by phasic midbrain dopamine firing. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement; engaged by 7 tasks.
Risk processing¶
Neural and behavioral evaluation of outcome uncertainty. Filed under Value-Based Decision-Making Under Risk and Uncertainty; engaged by 3 tasks.
Saccade¶
Rapid ballistic eye movement between points of fixation. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution; engaged by 1 task.
Selective attention¶
Prioritized processing of a task-relevant subset of stimuli (a location, feature, object, or modality) with suppression of irrelevant stimuli. Filed under Selective and Sustained Attention; engaged by 22 tasks.
Self-monitoring¶
Ongoing evaluation of one’s own performance against task goals and expected outcomes. Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition; engaged by 6 tasks.
Self-other distinction¶
Discrimination between self-generated and other-generated states or actions. Filed under Social Cognition and Strategic Social Choice; engaged by 1 task.
Self-referential processing¶
Processing of information in relation to the self, yielding enhanced encoding for self-relevant material and characteristic engagement of cortical midline structures (mPFC, PCC). Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition; engaged by 3 tasks.
Semantic knowledge¶
Long-term store of facts, concepts, and word meanings. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production; engaged by 3 tasks.
Semantic memory¶
Long-term store of general knowledge about the world — facts, concepts, and word meanings — dissociable from episodic memory and supported by distributed cortical representations. Filed under Long-Term Memory; engaged by no task in the current Catalog.
Semantic processing¶
Access and integration of word and phrase meaning, indexed by the N400. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production; engaged by 8 tasks.
Sense of agency¶
The experience of being the cause of one’s own actions and their sensory consequences, dissociable into implicit (intentional binding) and explicit (authorship judgment) components. Filed under Awareness, Agency, and Metacognition; engaged by 1 task.
Sentence comprehension¶
Integration of lexical, syntactic, and semantic information to derive sentence meaning. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production; engaged by 1 task.
Set shifting¶
Flexible reconfiguration of the task set in response to a change in task demands; the primary experimental operationalization of cognitive flexibility, measured by task-switching paradigms and the WCST. Filed under Cognitive Flexibility and Higher-Order Executive Function; engaged by 5 tasks.
Somatosensory perception¶
Perception of bodily sensations, including touch, proprioception, temperature, and pain. Filed under Face and Object Perception; engaged by no task in the current Catalog.
Source memory¶
Memory for the contextual origin of information (e.g., who said it, where it was seen). Filed under Long-Term Memory; engaged by 1 task.
Spatial attention¶
Selection of a location in space for preferential sensory processing, measurable via cueing benefits and N2pc/P1 modulation. Filed under Selective and Sustained Attention; engaged by 5 tasks.
Spatial memory¶
Memory for the arrangement and location of objects and environments. Filed under Spatial Cognition and Navigation; engaged by 4 tasks.
Spatial working memory¶
Short-term storage of spatial locations and spatial relations. Filed under Short-Term and Working Memory; engaged by 3 tasks.
Speech perception¶
Extraction of linguistic content from the acoustic speech signal, including phoneme categorization, word segmentation, and prosodic processing. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production; engaged by 1 task.
Speech production¶
Planning and articulation of spoken output; the motor component of articulation is covered under vocal-motor control in Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production; engaged by 2 tasks.
Stereotyping¶
Attribution of attributes to individuals based on social category membership. Filed under Social Cognition and Strategic Social Choice; engaged by 2 tasks.
Strategy use¶
Selection and implementation of a cognitive procedure chosen to improve performance on a task. Filed under Cognitive Flexibility and Higher-Order Executive Function; engaged by 6 tasks.
Subgoaling¶
Decomposition of a goal into an ordered sequence of subgoals whose satisfaction advances the overall task; dissociable from means-ends search and often studied through hierarchical task analysis. Filed under Reasoning and Problem-Solving; engaged by 1 task.
Sustained attention¶
Maintenance of attentional engagement over extended intervals during which targets are rare or responses are repetitive; synonymous with vigilance. Filed under Selective and Sustained Attention; engaged by 8 tasks.
Syntactic parsing¶
Assignment of hierarchical grammatical structure to a linguistic input. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production; engaged by 1 task.
Temporal attention¶
Selection of a point in time for preferential processing, measurable via cueing benefits in time and the attentional blink. Filed under Selective and Sustained Attention; engaged by 2 tasks.
Valuation¶
Assignment of a subjective value to a prospective option, integrating reward magnitude, probability, delay, and effort; indexed by willingness-to-pay, subjective ratings, and value-coded neural signals in vmPFC and striatum. Filed under Value-Based Decision-Making Under Risk and Uncertainty; engaged by 4 tasks.
Value learning¶
Acquisition of the expected value of stimuli, actions, or states from experience with outcomes. Filed under Associative Learning and Reinforcement; engaged by 2 tasks.
Value-based decision making¶
Choice among options that differ in subjective value, computed across attributes. Filed under Value-Based Decision-Making Under Risk and Uncertainty; engaged by 6 tasks.
Verbal fluency¶
Rapid generation of words under a semantic or phonemic constraint. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production; engaged by 1 task.
Verbal memory¶
Memory for linguistic material (words, sentences), tested via word lists, story recall, and RAVLT. Filed under Long-Term Memory; engaged by 1 task.
Verbal working memory¶
Short-term storage of phonological/verbal information, historically “phonological loop”; supports digit span, Sternberg with letters. Filed under Short-Term and Working Memory; engaged by 3 tasks.
Visual form recognition¶
Assignment of visual input to a shape category prior to semantic identification. Filed under Face and Object Perception; engaged by no task in the current Catalog.
Visual object recognition¶
Identification of objects from visual input, invariant over viewpoint, size, and lighting. Filed under Face and Object Perception; engaged by 3 tasks.
Visual perception¶
Perception of visual information; includes form, motion, depth, color, and spatial layout. Filed under Face and Object Perception; engaged by 12 tasks.
Visual working memory¶
Short-term storage and manipulation of visual information; capacity limited to ~3–4 items. Filed under Short-Term and Working Memory; engaged by 3 tasks.
Visuomotor adaptation¶
Recalibration of movement in response to perturbations of the mapping between vision and action. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution; engaged by 1 task.
Vocal-motor control¶
Control of the articulators for speech production and vocalization. Filed under Motor Preparation, Timing, and Execution; engaged by no task in the current Catalog.
Word recognition¶
Identification of a word as a lexical item from its perceptual input. Filed under Language Comprehension and Production; engaged by 3 tasks.
Working memory¶
System for the short-term maintenance, updating, and manipulation of task-relevant information over delays of seconds. Filed under Short-Term and Working Memory; engaged by 7 tasks.
Working memory updating¶
Replacement or revision of information currently held active in working memory with newly task-relevant content. One of three core executive functions in the Miyake et al. unity/diversity framework; decomposable into retrieval, transformation, and substitution subcomponents (Ecker et al.); implemented by a cortico-striatal gating mechanism that opens to admit new content and closes to protect maintenance. Distinct from long-term-memory reconsolidation (which occurs when retrieval triggers a prediction error and targets stored representations rather than the focus of attention). Indexed behaviorally by N-Back, running-span, and keep-track performance. Filed under Short-Term and Working Memory; engaged by 3 tasks.
Social decision making¶
Choice involving other agents and their preferences, often in strategic settings. Filed under Social Cognition and Strategic Social Choice; engaged by 4 tasks.